Harold Christian was a dentist in Hampstead and knew the intellectual community there in the 1930s to 1960s. He had contact with various psychoanalysts including Edward Glover, with whom he had a long friendship.
Claud Dangar Daly was born on 25 Feb 1884 into a military family in New Zealand where his parents had emigrated. When his parents separated in 1899 he was sent to school in Newport. At the age of fifteen he volunteered for the South African war by exaggerating his age. Apart from a brief period on his return to England in 1902 when he took up nursery gardening, Daly continued to serve in the military for most of his life, seeing action in India and, during the First World War, in France. In 1916 he suffered a nervous breakdown and returned to London where he underwent a brief analysis with Ernest Jones. He is best known for his meticulous self-analysis of his dreams and his interest in Hindu mythology and symbolism, which are reflected in this collection. He began to publish articles on these subjects in 1921. In 1920 he visited Vienna and was analysed by Freud and then Ferenczi from 1925. In 1936 he retired from the Army and returned to Vienna to work further with Freud. He also took his first patients there. He left Austria in 1938 and was an air raid warden in London during the Second World War. He was married twice, to Gertrude Hogan in 1917 (d. 1934) and Elenore Graefin Vetter von der Lilie in 1947. He died of a heart attack on 4 Sep 1950.
Kurt Eissler was born in Vienna on 2 Jul 1908. He was a member of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society when the Nazis took power in Austria in 1938, after which he emigrated to Chicago. In 1943 he served in the US army as a Captain in the Medical Corps and following the war he settled in New York. He was known as a Freudian scholar and historian and for his work in founding the Sigmund Freud Archives, which are deposited with the US Library of Congress. He died in New York on 17 Feb 1999.
The Ernest Jones Rehabilitation Fund was established in 1938 by Ernest Jones to help psychoanalysts and their families to escape Austria following the Nazi invasion and to establish new lives elsewhere. The fund, originally called 'The Austrian Fund', was initially run by Ernest Jones and his secretary Miss Taylor, but Eva Rosenfeld was soon appointed honorary secretary and administered its affairs until 1965.
Following the war, the fund was renamed the Ernest Jones Rehabilitation Fund and previous recipients of grants from the fund were asked to repay the money they had received in order to send financial assistance to psychoanalytic colleagues living in communist regimes in Eastern Europe. The fund also provided occasional books and journal subscriptions and financial assistance to allow psychoanalysts to attend Congresses of the International Psychoanalytical Association. A further appeal began in late 1954 to raise funds from analysts in the UK, USA and other countries in order to send care packages to colleagues in Hungary.
The fund was later divided into two organisations, with the Psychoanalytic Assistance Fund Inc established in the USA in 1957 to manage larger sums of money. From 1965, it appears that the work of the Ernest Jones Rehabilitation Fund was largely discontinued.
Otto Fenichel was born in Vienna in 1897. He chose to study medicine with the aim of eventually working in psychoanalysis. In his teens he had already read some of Freud’s work and began presenting his ideas on sexuality and sexual ethics to fellow students. In 1918 he was invited as guest speaker to the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society, where he gave a paper 'On a Derivative of the Incest Conflict'. He moved to Berlin in 1922 to complete his training at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. He also furthered his psychiatric and neurological knowledge by working with Bonhoffer and Cassierer. Two years later he joined the Institute’s teaching staff and began to publish numerous psychoanalytical papers. He left Germany in 1933 when the National Socialist Party came to power. He was invited by Norwegian psychoanalysts to work in Oslo, where he remained teaching for two years. In 1936 he moved to Prague and took over the chairmanship of the Prague Study Group. Finally with Czechoslovakia threatened by invasion he fled to Los Angeles where he was welcomed by the Psychoanalytic Study Group. He died suddenly in 1946, survived by his wife Hanna Fenichel (née Heilborn).
Marjorie Franklin was born on 17 Dec 1887. She trained as a psychiatrist but became interested in psychoanalysis in the mid 1920s and travelled to Vienna where she was analysed by Sandor Ferenczi. On returning to London she established the Institute for the Scientific Study and Treatment of Delinquency (later the Portman Clinic) with fellow psychiatrists and psychoanalysts Edward Glover, Grace Pailthorpe and Melitta Schmideberg. In the 1930s she set up Q Camps for maladjusted men and boys and was Honorary Secretary of the Q Camps Committee. Her interest in anti-social behaviour led to her long-term involvement with the Howard League for Penal Reform. She was also a Fellow of the British Psychological Society and founder of the Planned Environment Therapy Trust. She died in 1975.
Thomas Freeman was born in Glasgow in 1919. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academy. He joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, where he trained as a parachutist and saw service with the airbourne forces. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of major and began his distinguished career as a psychiatrist and trained in psychoanalysis. His training analyst was Dorothy Burlingham, a close friend and colleague of Anna Freud.
Dr Freeman gained enormous clinical experience through work as consultant psychiatrist in large mental hospitals in Scotland and Northern Ireland. From 1952 to 1965, he worked at Glasgow's Royal Mental Hospital and the Lansdowne Clinic, where he made detailed studies of psychotic patients, which were significant and influential contributions to psychoanalysis. In 1965, he left Glasgow to take up a post at the Royal Dundee Liff Hospital. He returned to Northern Ireland in 1968, when he became consultant psychiatrist at Holywell Hospital, County Antrim.
Whilst continuing his work at the mental hospitals, Dr Freeman was also appointed consultant psychiatrist to the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic in London, where he worked closely with Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham. He adapted Anna Freud’s schema for diagnostic assessment of childhood psychological disorders to patients with psychotic disorders. He completed no fewer than 20 profiles using the schema and visited Hampstead on regular intervals to discuss this work. Two important books cam into being as a result of this devoted study: ‘A Psychoanalytic Study of the Psychoses’ (1973) and ‘Childhood Psychopathology and Adult Psychoses (1976).
Dr Freeman made significant contributions to psychoanalytic training. In his earlier years he encouraged many people to travel to London to train as psychoanalysts. His achievements in later life were also remarkable. After retiring from the NHS, as the sole psychoanalyst in Northern Ireland, he set up a training scheme for psychoanalytic psychotherapy. He both analysed and supervised the candidates, as well as arranging for further supervision in England. As a result of his endeavors, in 1989, the Northern Ireland Association for the Study of Psychoanalysis was set up.
During his career, Thomas Freeman published eight books, over one hundred papers and more than thirty chapters.
William Gillespie was born in China in 1905, the fourth child and only son of missionary parents. The family returned to Britain in 1915 to further their children's education and settled in Edinburgh. By obtaining scholarships, Gillespie graduated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1929. After short periods as a house physician, he obtained a travelling scholarship to study in Vienna, officially to study psychiatry and neurology but keen to pursue his interest in psychoanalysis, including through an analysis with Edward Hitschmann.
Gillespie returned to London in Dec 1931 and began work with elderly patients at Tooting Bec Hospital. He submitted a psychoanalytically-based thesis on senile dementia for his MD degree and was accepted for training at the British Psychoanalytical Society, entering into analysis with Ella Sharpe. During lectures by John Rickman, he met his first wife, Dr Helen Turover; they married in 1932 and had two children shortly afterwards. In 1937 William became an Associate Member of the British Psychoanalytical Society and passed the examination for the Royal College of Physicians. In the mid-1930s, he also started part-time work at the Maudsley Hospital, with which he was involved until his mandatory retirement at the age of 65. During the Second World War, he worked full-time in the Emergency Service of the Maudsley affiliate at Mill Hill.
In the same period, Gillespie participated in in the Controversial Discussions at the British Psychoanalytical Society. He worked with like-minded colleagues to formalise the running of the Society with a new constitution, which included tenure limits for officers. Sylvia Payne was then elected president of the Society in 1944 and Gillespie became director of the London Clinic of Psychoanalysis. By 1947 he had been elected training secretary and became president of the Society in 1950 - at the age of 45, he was by far the youngest to have been appointed to that position - and he has been credited with helping to develop stability within the Society. He also served on special committees of the Society to testify before the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1950) and the Parliamentary Committee on Homosexuality (1954/5), both of which contributed to significant changes in national policy.
From 1953, Gillespie was invited to stand for a vice-presidency of the International Psychoanalytical Association and embarked on twenty consecutive years serving on its central executive. He was elected in 1957 as the eighth president of the IPA and served two terms; in 1961, he was elected again as a vice-president and held this post until 1973 when he declined to run again. Here too, he was recognized as an able administrator and contributed to negotiating a rewritten constitution and by-laws for the Association.
In 1975, on his seventieth birthday, Gillespie was elected to honorary membership of the British Psychoanalytical Society. This was shortly after the death of his wife Helen and a year later he married Sadie Mervis, an analytic colleague. In 1976, he became the second Freud Memorial Professor of Psychoanalysis at University College London, where he gave a series of public lectures on Freud's work and its relationship to other disciplines. In 1991, he was elected by the IPA to a lifetime honorary vice-presidency. He died on 17 July 2001, aged 95.
Mervin Glasser was born in 1928 in Johannesburg, South Africa. He read psychology at the University of Witwatersrand. He then went to England to pursue a career as a psychoanalyst. He graduated from Westminster Hospital Medical School in 1958 and qualified as an Associate Member at the London Institute of Psychoanalysis in 1963.
He was Chairman of the Portman Clinic, London from 1971 until 1994. The Clinic is a National Health Service psychotherapy clinic for people with criminal and sexual behaviour problems. In this position he forged links with the Institute of Psychiatry's forensic department, the Tavistock Clinic and the Home Office; with academia, particularly the London School of Economics; with London hospitals, the police, the prison service and the Inner London Probation Service.
He is well known for his writing and teaching on the origins of delinquency and perversion He lectured internationally and in many hospitals and centres in Britain, including regular lecures at the Anna Freud Centre in London. He was also a training analyst at the Institute of Psychoanalysis and became Director of the Clinic upon his retirement from the Portman.
Following the release of Nelson Mandela from jail, he became the first chairman of the South African Psychoanalytic Trust; and he contributed a vivid paper to its first international psychoanalytic conference in Cape Town in 1998.
Mervin Glasser died in 2000.
Edward Glover was born on 13 Jan 1888 in Lesmahagow, Scotland. He began his medical career specialising in tubercular medicine, before his older brother James introduced him to psychoanalysis. Both brothers went to Berlin in 1920 to be analysed by Karl Abraham; Edward Glover became an associate member of the British Psychoanalytical Society in 1921 and a full member in 1922. When his brother died in 1926, Edward Glover took over many of his roles within the Society and by 1940 he was a member of all the main committees of the Society and the Institute of Psychoanalysis. Originally a supporter of Melanie Klein, he became one of her opponents during the Society's Controversial Discussions in the 1940s and subsequently resigned from the Society in 1944. Following this, he was granted honorary membership of the American and Swiss psychoanalytic societies. He died on 16 Aug 1972.